{"id":"W7116650048","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.5952522","title":"The Cost of State-Building: Evidence from Germany","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"preprint","venue":"SSRN Electronic Journal","topic":"Culture, Economy, and Development Studies","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"ca_institutions":"Kellogg's (Canada)","funders":"","keywords":"Bureaucracy; Leverage (statistics); Download; State (computer science); Public good; Developing country; Democracy","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["sts","research_integrity"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.003921078,0.0002092198,0.0003657669,0.00007151111,0.001484322,0.0002193088,0.001053981,0.0001559425,0.00003164423],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0005338989,0.0001532048,0.0002168856,0.000145564,0.0003135925,0.0001380489,0.0004337558,0.002453344,0.000009404861],"about_ca_system_candidate":true,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.001301409,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.01136858,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00497916,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.05896706,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9967908,0.0002725621,0.0005425229,0.000293384,0.000442229,0.001658527],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99818,0.0006302989,0.0005970418,0.0002321798,0.0002851064,0.00007538826],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0003456565,0.0001616074,0.05337892,0.00008924995,0.004864039,0.00000887022,0.0672287,0.0005497665,0.00008682419,0.6808748,0.01819738,0.1742142],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0002573232,0.00003618153,0.004851447,0.0005449844,0.0001131078,0.000002745531,0.02279112,0.00001269531,0.0000930345,0.7926368,0.1783044,0.0003561937],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.4043993,0.4198256,0.02225948,0.03835284,0.01086698,0.003134116,0.0001886183,0.0002464396,0.1007266],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.622697,0.3606109,0.0001504253,0.00009221519,0.000604246,0.00003102727,0.000003081388,0.000009368879,0.0158018],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.2182976,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.999848,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.03183813528871127,"score_gpt":0.3342050527719627,"score_spread":0.3023669174832515,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}