{"id":"W7116718105","doi":"10.1109/tase.2025.3646982","title":"Autonomous Driving at Unsignalized Intersections: A Review of Decision-Making Challenges and Reinforcement Learning-Based Solutions","year":2025,"lang":"","type":"article","venue":"IEEE Transactions on Automation Science and Engineering","topic":"Autonomous Vehicle Technology and Safety","field":"Engineering","cited_by":4,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Waterloo","funders":"Canadian Network for Research and Innovation in Machining Technology, Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Reinforcement learning; Traverse; Intersection (aeronautics); Abstraction; Process (computing); Focus (optics); Scheme (mathematics)","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001424578,0.0003454651,0.0004884964,0.001406514,0.0008716328,0.0000543296,0.0002401213,0.0002143684,0.00007340223],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0002302255,0.0003893393,0.0001120125,0.001327163,0.0004212082,0.0004994078,0.00001994757,0.0005293437,0.000007311397],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0006951328,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0002575445,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000005540277,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00001710347,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9977205,0.0000387166,0.0008400943,0.0005198125,0.0003984561,0.0004824336],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9986035,0.0005215924,0.0001595849,0.0003713794,0.0002341964,0.0001097772],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00001374219,0.0000334291,0.000003282244,0.002540371,0.00006988827,0.000001739805,0.0004662264,0.8191858,0.002839931,0.0008090191,0.000009487221,0.1740271],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000434432,0.0001193839,0.0006875777,0.01783697,0.0001381192,0.00002283495,0.0001826446,0.974956,0.004612698,0.00006178518,0.000640703,0.0003068591],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":"simulation_or_modeling","genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.01438372,0.02263846,0.9600566,0.0005990621,0.0007048157,0.0005127831,0.000004956439,0.000616206,0.0004834026],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9609404,0.03656619,0.002239509,0.00008647696,0.000007773113,0.00008875636,8.398415e-7,0.00002229807,0.00004776052],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.9578171,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9998559,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.01276014090134111,"score_gpt":0.2523960172191876,"score_spread":0.2396358763178465,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}