{"id":"W7116762133","doi":"10.22329/il.v45i4.9435","title":"Two-Tier Fallacy Theory","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Informal Logic","topic":"Epistemology, Ethics, and Metaphysics","field":"Arts and Humanities","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"Uniwersytet Łódzki","keywords":"Fallacy; Normative; Argument (complex analysis); Argumentation theory; Conflation; Categorization; Identification (biology)","routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":true,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":true},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.02621205,0.001284317,0.001931368,0.008864876,0.005970986,0.01398589,0.004611428,0.006348221,0.009965545],"category_scores_gemma":[0.04002094,0.001130453,0.002797856,0.004630061,0.02649272,0.0194139,0.007699759,0.007029504,0.002346589],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.006796076,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.004252273,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.002227763,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.001660571,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9647923,0.0158179,0.002871501,0.004200531,0.01071608,0.001601832],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9718781,0.01512968,0.001542565,0.005476472,0.005098306,0.0008749813],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000007877,0.000007825539,0.0001251611,0.00003002182,0.000005609983,0.00002023979,0.000694612,0.0001535565,0.00006580209,0.99518,0.0003764367,0.00333285],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00000700397,0.000007520256,0.00008609892,0.00004393001,0.00000689683,0.00005205457,0.0002308814,0.001672941,0.0001094232,0.9922619,0.005512802,0.000008484977],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.013982,0.001003077,0.8439627,0.006656711,0.0003030144,0.0005794645,0.0002388573,0.0006121024,0.1326621],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.5701481,0.0007105215,0.408025,0.002001146,0.0003035626,0.001471416,0.0003872494,0.0003844356,0.01656857],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.02621205,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.1386243,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.04602294356571903,"score_gpt":0.2884172560950775,"score_spread":0.2423943125293585,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}