{"id":"W7116762133","doi":"10.22329/il.v45i4.9435","title":"Two-Tier Fallacy Theory","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Informal Logic","topic":"Epistemology, Ethics, and Metaphysics","field":"Arts and Humanities","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"Uniwersytet Łódzki","keywords":"Fallacy; Normative; Argument (complex analysis); Argumentation theory; Conflation; Categorization; Identification (biology)","routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":true,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":true},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0003899906,0.0001187117,0.0001639231,0.00008109558,0.0002795646,0.00009985645,0.000195997,0.00006239786,0.0009171711],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00006140942,0.00008984776,0.0001013933,0.00002836025,0.0004355035,0.0002704235,0.000076458,0.0002456266,0.0004595503],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00001324232,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00006376597,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00007701622,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0002210622,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9992929,0.00004670083,0.0002259866,0.0001025749,0.0000914364,0.0002404199],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9994552,0.0001516984,0.00006112565,0.0002031538,0.00009633925,0.00003249085],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00002230892,0.00002008624,0.0001432299,0.00003452981,0.00003475989,0.000002379163,0.008495309,0.000008629908,0.000005306048,0.983201,0.002359325,0.005673106],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0002697866,0.00004466727,0.0002412864,0.00001479199,0.00002311706,9.500957e-7,0.002818088,0.00001833891,0.00005457639,0.3034423,0.6929601,0.0001119926],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.01627729,0.0003793886,0.0003020117,0.0005001199,0.001468218,0.0001069296,0.00001042403,0.0001108998,0.9808447],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.857241,0.00002434046,0.0001066205,0.009699065,0.0004315408,0.00001449541,0.00001527597,0.000006349517,0.1324613],"genre_candidate":"other","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.8483834,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9999961,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.04602294356571903,"score_gpt":0.2884172560950775,"score_spread":0.2423943125293585,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}