{"id":"W7116978746","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.5955474","title":"Numerical Examination of Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow Characteristics of Hybrid Nanofluids for Improved Geothermal Energy Extraction in Closed-Loop Systems","year":2025,"lang":"","type":"preprint","venue":"SSRN Electronic Journal","topic":"Geothermal Energy Systems and Applications","field":"Energy","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Calgary","funders":"","keywords":"Nanofluid; Heat transfer; Working fluid; Geothermal energy; Thermal energy; Thermal; Geothermal heating; Fluid dynamics; Work (physics)","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.002682715,0.0007656488,0.001744308,0.0006699729,0.0002266551,0.00009284075,0.0005458915,0.0006282238,0.00003294656],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00007278942,0.0007955426,0.0005363464,0.0003754213,0.0001531862,0.0002396641,0.00007616122,0.00180212,7.213419e-7],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.001287536,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.002790782,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.01187825,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0008677239,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9930305,0.0006329012,0.002946261,0.0008447786,0.0004340085,0.002111576],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9976082,0.0003090658,0.000598281,0.0005904163,0.000724139,0.0001698342],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.001466909,0.001424579,0.000176648,0.002213471,0.001826643,0.000004390082,0.000498665,0.1768549,0.2719924,0.2370805,0.000009844028,0.306451],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.005685308,0.001711165,0.002839946,0.001947387,0.0007664837,0.0007185492,0.001236771,0.936121,0.0351859,0.004888266,0.007535277,0.001363914],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.5533081,0.00828342,0.4348908,0.0001870909,0.001476829,0.001083814,0.0004154715,0.00002850023,0.0003260391],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9781348,0.01808765,0.0001191657,0.00002018492,0.000584062,0.0004043049,0.0002126637,0.000101992,0.002335189],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.7592661,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9994496,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.007465939946659774,"score_gpt":0.2279540326260668,"score_spread":0.220488092679407,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}