{"id":"W7117107573","doi":"10.3138/wap-2025-0004","title":"Trusting Each Other, Trusting Machines: Undergraduate Students’ Perceptions of Copresence Afforded by Writing Technologies, Networked Platforms, and Generative AI in Their Academic Writing Practices","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Writing & Pedagogy","topic":"Writing and Handwriting Education","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto","funders":"","keywords":"Affordance; Generative grammar; Perception; Focus group; Focus (optics); Qualitative research; Academic writing","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.007552794,0.000488888,0.0007521735,0.001223026,0.005815359,0.009713351,0.0009108507,0.001425166,0.002640141],"category_scores_gemma":[0.02489327,0.0006589231,0.0003717988,0.0006329034,0.007142299,0.004077782,0.006455411,0.002931411,0.0004250527],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.001599256,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00222164,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00304741,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.004031746,"domain_scores_codex":[0.991061,0.004583285,0.000571931,0.0007006627,0.001936556,0.001146546],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9775565,0.009198359,0.004102673,0.0009320927,0.002257948,0.005952348],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"qualitative","study_design_gemma":"qualitative","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00006460518,0.0002831006,0.05212949,0.00009143668,0.00002198028,0.0005719714,0.9279481,0.00006397051,0.003015943,0.0009354136,0.0003223939,0.01455148],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00001286701,0.0003751963,0.03139811,0.0001038567,0.00002793147,0.0005795655,0.9571921,0.0004550249,0.001263143,0.0008663056,0.007670794,0.00005502664],"study_design_candidate":"qualitative","study_design_consensus":"qualitative","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9978091,0.0001306665,0.0005122346,0.0003536673,0.00001079784,0.00001199301,0.000003657237,0.000008972884,0.001158951],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9993075,0.00005895469,0.000160021,0.00009236592,0.000002978192,0.000008512007,0.000002859902,0.0000037729,0.00036306],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.009713351,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.03994346,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.03777243255073649,"score_gpt":0.4276476773703519,"score_spread":0.3898752448196154,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}