{"id":"W7117117856","doi":"10.54254/2753-8818/2026.ch30759","title":"Causal Inference with Observational Data via Propensity Score Matching: A Simple, Hands‑On Guide","year":2025,"lang":"","type":"article","venue":"Theoretical and Natural Science","topic":"Advanced Causal Inference Techniques","field":"Mathematics","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Dalhousie University","funders":"","keywords":"Propensity score matching; Causal inference; Observational study; Matching (statistics); Checklist; Replication (statistics); Workflow; Baseline (sea); Simple (philosophy)","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.03931421,0.002731204,0.002305808,0.00560781,0.001720916,0.004628296,0.00398438,0.003874022,0.04182545],"category_scores_gemma":[0.1182527,0.002374006,0.003048368,0.003760271,0.002976459,0.004586129,0.004989231,0.008624876,0.023711],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.001852765,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.006059621,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00250409,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.003926701,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9794905,0.01499971,0.00178067,0.001053412,0.002507105,0.0001687249],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9358161,0.0543879,0.001682904,0.003641047,0.003922333,0.000549664],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0002393743,0.0003433892,0.001042854,0.004753297,0.0002637634,0.001199529,0.004099034,0.01435453,0.004233823,0.2655589,0.2371118,0.4667998],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0002357808,0.0001934334,0.0006822908,0.002618131,0.00008061405,0.001226891,0.0006474763,0.02937962,0.002338069,0.4081577,0.5542071,0.0002328622],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"methods","genre_scores_codex":[0.0002851049,0.0006342556,0.9885569,0.002390388,0.0004358511,0.00150184,0.0009205165,0.002350645,0.002924623],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.002296267,0.001100062,0.9901147,0.0009491013,0.0003493544,0.002023899,0.0003628513,0.0004522329,0.002351563],"genre_candidate":"methods","genre_consensus":"methods","teacher_disagreement_score":0.04182545,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.2079159,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.1522939937492116,"score_gpt":0.4137528535260652,"score_spread":0.2614588597768536,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}