{"id":"W7117257772","doi":"10.1080/14703297.2025.2605651","title":"Can ChatGPT as a generative AI tool enhance university student academic achievement?","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Innovations in Education and Teaching International","topic":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","field":"Medicine","cited_by":2,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of British Columbia","funders":"","keywords":"Higher education; Generative grammar; Graduate students; Teaching method; Qualitative research; Academic achievement; Student engagement; Active learning (machine learning)","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.000368739,0.0000950816,0.0001047967,0.0006654597,0.0002065429,0.00003766534,0.0001195248,0.00008923005,0.00007532754],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0003442062,0.0001056808,0.00002102187,0.0003501147,0.00005322,0.0001935189,0.00004405104,0.0005749256,0.00001181223],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0005638324,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0009895738,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0008229136,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0001843441,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9990438,0.00005986734,0.0003542395,0.0002481046,0.0001715261,0.0001224734],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9993172,0.00007695057,0.00008925211,0.0001317662,0.0003477196,0.00003708772],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00004348091,0.0006904522,0.2948115,0.00002157455,0.00004844664,0.00000126433,0.006801365,0.00001705775,0.001240405,0.5115454,0.003865719,0.1809133],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0004204677,0.0001603726,0.5909577,0.0008684012,0.00006080288,0.00003391579,0.02761911,0.001407532,0.007302545,0.03640624,0.3343476,0.0004153093],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.8643985,0.00005164156,0.001856096,0.1211844,0.001474168,0.0002872202,0.000005088466,0.00002900055,0.01071385],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9746768,0.0001014028,0.001153091,0.01150944,0.0002436747,0.00003315486,0.0001303354,0.000005479061,0.01214666],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.4751392,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.4309538,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.04491882772085859,"score_gpt":0.4613333592073666,"score_spread":0.416414531486508,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}