{"id":"W7117323422","doi":"10.1021/acsestwater.5c01066","title":"Efficient Removal of Ammonium, Heavy Metals, and Scale-Forming Cations from Oilfield Produced Water by Sulfonated Biochar","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"ACS ES&T Water","topic":"Membrane Separation Technologies","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":3,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Petro-Canada","funders":"Science Foundation of China University of Petroleum, Beijing","keywords":"Biochar; Adsorption; Pollutant; Sulfuric acid; Produced water; Heavy metals; Cationic polymerization; Water treatment","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001575976,0.0005372316,0.0003276783,0.0002342944,0.0001407229,0.0003065232,0.0002502683,0.0002994484,0.0003705704],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001165937,0.0001677625,0.0003561053,0.0001707233,0.000196791,0.0002293625,0.000285705,0.0003009631,0.0002091587],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0002581073,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0002983755,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.001677556,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.004551576,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9998724,0.00001141688,0.00001136592,0.00001999493,0.00004684466,0.00003798157],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.999952,0.0000069402,0.00001466499,0.000003903539,0.00001350724,0.000009055422],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0000167226,0.000009485964,0.0001899813,0.00002917528,0.000002672994,0.00002121419,0.000006180699,0.00007332805,0.9983168,0.00001077185,0.000007998717,0.001315633],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000002511745,0.000100337,0.000828818,0.000001583667,0.000005271775,0.00002223229,0.00001477311,0.0004889891,0.9981787,0.00000727566,0.0003467584,0.00000272624],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9954115,0.0005563428,0.003362412,0.00004179246,0.00001525456,0.00002324734,0.00008278301,0.0000443557,0.0004623549],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9930428,0.0005571376,0.004894642,0.00003585952,0.000007679433,0.00001163051,0.0001285728,0.00001652544,0.001305193],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.001677556,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.003335595,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.008112382567402432,"score_gpt":0.2232452312433145,"score_spread":0.215132848675912,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}