{"id":"W7117357847","doi":"10.1017/9781009652513.014","title":"International Trade and Economic Welfare","year":2025,"lang":"","type":"book-chapter","venue":"Cambridge University Press eBooks","topic":"Global trade and economics","field":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto","funders":"","keywords":"Work (physics); Trade barrier; Economic integration; Free trade; Welfare; Globalization; Commercial policy","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0003497127,0.0006162928,0.0003820338,0.001047032,0.0006205441,0.002763427,0.0003147013,0.001198663,0.04497664],"category_scores_gemma":[0.001054177,0.0001527373,0.0003024228,0.001839727,0.001144196,0.002135393,0.000991666,0.001910099,0.008014098],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.001703572,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.001049253,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.001466312,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.002819331,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9997995,0.000049509,0.000006195767,0.00003424306,0.00007569898,0.00003487651],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9998245,0.00007173716,0.00001513806,0.00002441183,0.00004242851,0.00002187055],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000008890577,0.00002184769,0.0001383414,0.00009445789,0.00001069114,0.00002012392,0.0001176273,0.0003011664,0.0001165704,0.4912975,0.4485889,0.05928376],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000002723448,0.000006769596,0.0005143107,0.0001738528,0.000003807222,0.00004051803,0.00007543453,0.0001131844,0.00008031604,0.3765242,0.6224606,0.000004310032],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"other","genre_scores_codex":[0.001527414,0.1847397,0.003257507,0.03431138,0.003418713,0.00001466604,0.0006307714,0.00009747899,0.7720024],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.0905906,0.182175,0.003015169,0.01084917,0.006895567,0.00009332611,0.0009859145,0.0002282049,0.7051671],"genre_candidate":"other","genre_consensus":"other","teacher_disagreement_score":0.04497664,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.1504619,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.03148696598876458,"score_gpt":0.1798014515405646,"score_spread":0.1483144855518,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}