{"id":"W7117960618","doi":"10.1007/978-3-662-71934-3_6","title":"How and Why Do Courts Cite? An Empirical Study Using the Example of the Federal Constitutional Court and the Supreme Court of Canada","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"book-chapter","venue":"","topic":"Judicial and Constitutional Studies","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Supreme court; Empirical research; Citation; Federal court; Remand (court procedure); Original jurisdiction; Judicial review; Court of record","routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":true},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":["metaresearch","bibliometrics"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.005278279,0.000290131,0.0007373316,0.007172738,0.0220265,0.01727081,0.002781428,0.005259725,0.006767184],"category_scores_gemma":[0.07563822,0.0004589825,0.0003031289,0.02625789,0.01027728,0.008762526,0.002330077,0.004159741,0.0008760017],"about_ca_system_candidate":true,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.04587007,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0493458,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":true,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.9130447,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.963688,"domain_scores_codex":[0.989254,0.002651683,0.0003490202,0.0008576854,0.004596927,0.002290616],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9278425,0.04775134,0.005515995,0.001196333,0.0151647,0.00252913],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":"evaluation","domain_candidate":"evaluation","domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"qualitative","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001697689,0.0006620002,0.1655246,0.0005410988,0.0001270647,0.001779683,0.3595859,0.0005733195,0.0007523787,0.3090731,0.07583396,0.0853772],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0000766091,0.00008335267,0.2742819,0.001044958,0.0002984188,0.0005890335,0.5174252,0.001501127,0.0009929291,0.04210697,0.1614597,0.0001398117],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.6991613,0.009562039,0.001063694,0.02161119,0.0002017589,0.0001542681,0.001264855,0.00004991031,0.266931],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9753122,0.003401683,0.0004555057,0.001966916,0.000120895,0.00004605541,0.0003596671,0.00003979185,0.01829734],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.9947217,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.3328122,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.05954335106800677,"score_gpt":0.2948177752111321,"score_spread":0.2352744241431253,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}