{"id":"W7118024868","doi":"10.1109/isgtmiddleeast65737.2025.11314471","title":"State of Charge Estimation in Li-ion Batteries Using a Robust Nonlinear Observer with Low-Cost Sensors","year":2025,"lang":"","type":"article","venue":"","topic":"Advanced Battery Technologies Research","field":"Engineering","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Regina","funders":"","keywords":"Control theory (sociology); Observer (physics); State observer; State of charge; Observational error; Nonlinear system; Battery (electricity); Robustness (evolution)","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0005287789,0.0005403848,0.000679669,0.0002449901,0.0002511947,0.0006071332,0.0007151156,0.0005407017,0.0005484777],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00103815,0.0002698175,0.0004242286,0.0001781556,0.0003354211,0.001035611,0.0005681528,0.0005172564,0.0001984584],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0004836722,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0005141277,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.002578804,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.002499877,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9996467,0.00006424473,0.00003644285,0.00008066746,0.0001484413,0.00002345131],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9996387,0.0001086952,0.00008802441,0.00004452194,0.0001093633,0.00001063608],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0005033513,0.0001690068,0.003674088,0.0006611263,0.0001318944,0.0003178256,0.000442348,0.5608191,0.1735698,0.006854394,0.001416085,0.251441],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00001412453,0.0001115926,0.0004124078,0.000008173745,0.00001450785,0.00002575502,0.00001042043,0.9877685,0.01061609,0.0003359578,0.0006704578,0.00001200969],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.03426726,0.0003834308,0.9630745,0.00009619783,0.00005325291,0.00003408238,0.0000200908,0.0005711702,0.001500027],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9318157,0.0002883797,0.06560203,0.00005616848,0.00003141048,0.00009390253,0.00005551224,0.0000261501,0.002030594],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.002578804,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.005127549,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.02686103288604109,"score_gpt":0.2856806176947925,"score_spread":0.2588195848087514,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}