{"id":"W7123342568","doi":"10.25159/2522-3062/19686","title":"Trade Union Recognition and the Concepts of ‘Workplace’ in South Africa and the ‘Appropriate Bargaining Unit’ in Canada: Some Comparative Insights into Bargaining Constituencies and Protection of Minority Interests","year":2025,"lang":"","type":"article","venue":"Comparative and International Law Journal of Southern Africa","topic":"Labor Movements and Unions","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"Hospital for Sick Children; Dalhousie University; Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce","keywords":"Context (archaeology); Trade union; Collective bargaining; Unit (ring theory); Labour law; Bargaining power","routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":true},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["sts"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001464008,0.0002073719,0.000693009,0.0002191926,0.0003818108,0.00009634214,0.0002253276,0.00007772387,0.00001089046],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001671891,0.0001291807,0.00005080037,0.0003942254,0.002989187,0.000372179,0.0001332147,0.0004926031,8.644759e-8],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001357657,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0004711882,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":true,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.1138259,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.3643261,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9971023,0.001221239,0.0009377389,0.0002117945,0.0003533761,0.0001736082],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9975777,0.0009486769,0.0009688895,0.0000705225,0.0003619905,0.00007216478],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"qualitative","study_design_gemma":"qualitative","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00151341,0.00008003652,0.00438398,0.00002482911,0.0003071271,0.00000248953,0.5324587,0.00007627934,0.0002088762,0.4599115,0.000005816933,0.001026921],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.01228048,0.0002699685,0.02473618,0.001829398,0.000174629,0.000005386204,0.7927382,0.004199753,0.000370406,0.1617372,0.001383654,0.0002747109],"study_design_candidate":"qualitative","study_design_consensus":"qualitative","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.977962,0.009210622,0.0001741036,0.0009865237,0.0001929006,0.0005820349,0.00007150274,0.000001744686,0.01081864],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9990742,0.0006917007,0.00005292606,0.00007238437,0.00004818801,0.00001166061,0.000002219102,0.000003241658,0.00004345339],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.2981743,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9997241,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.07053977967398467,"score_gpt":0.2983700968472917,"score_spread":0.227830317173307,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}