{"id":"W7125606400","doi":"10.1109/icsai68704.2025.11345876","title":"Toxic Language and Threat Detection in Social Media","year":2025,"lang":"","type":"article","venue":"","topic":"Hate Speech and Cyberbullying Detection","field":"Computer Science","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Calgary; Dalhousie University","funders":"","keywords":"Social media; The Internet; Action (physics); Misinformation","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001755974,0.0004563209,0.0002745947,0.002666893,0.0007472784,0.002252682,0.0003445131,0.001204274,0.002847554],"category_scores_gemma":[0.01666471,0.0002739036,0.0002857557,0.0008247265,0.000771352,0.001963704,0.001135162,0.001115442,0.001011831],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0005495124,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0004268914,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.003597638,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.005232846,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9982346,0.0008221709,0.00007144423,0.0001540603,0.0005187756,0.0001988415],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9841287,0.010624,0.002684436,0.0004639404,0.001360552,0.0007383667],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.001215603,0.001715943,0.8246247,0.0002771401,0.0002244383,0.001268894,0.004774683,0.00492365,0.02519799,0.006262062,0.003920908,0.1255939],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00003460867,0.0009726642,0.8445067,0.0001519435,0.0001781618,0.002209786,0.009319076,0.1142331,0.01234428,0.01073406,0.005199124,0.0001164096],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9878781,0.0002766886,0.003380278,0.00049985,0.00004908901,0.00003206598,0.0002477741,0.00006169485,0.007574503],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9974639,0.0001071128,0.0007417673,0.00009184335,0.00005218649,0.00001191105,0.0001256254,0.000009817836,0.001395767],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.003597638,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.009526014,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.009253955830846232,"score_gpt":0.2461938605491226,"score_spread":0.2369399047182763,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}