{"id":"W7128190402","doi":"10.31224/5038","title":"Electroslag Refining (ESR) for Sustainable Battery Recycling: Technological Innovations, Economic Viability, and Patent Landscape in Low-Cost Electricity Regions","year":2025,"lang":"","type":"article","venue":"","topic":"Extraction and Separation Processes","field":"Engineering","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Electricity; Renewable energy; Battery (electricity); Sustainability; Carbon footprint; Sustainable development; Slag (welding); Electricity generation","routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":true},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00100608,0.0003302505,0.0004668497,0.001016571,0.0003493164,0.0002876138,0.0001946234,0.0004768055,0.0001296863],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0009057655,0.0003523022,0.00007454518,0.00145381,0.00008431571,0.0005422768,0.00008871011,0.0006525133,0.00001114718],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0005713723,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0003345746,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00005911532,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0002682228,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9974469,0.00005586691,0.001036493,0.0006460942,0.00008574978,0.0007288927],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9985912,0.000643343,0.0001349065,0.0003165377,0.000246487,0.00006745612],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0004170198,0.0006486802,0.06129085,0.002458682,0.0001879269,0.00001469281,0.0001922979,0.0275956,0.004418534,0.8605764,0.02200873,0.02019059],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.005864622,0.0004753897,0.01749671,0.0005122612,0.0001629864,0.00004029936,0.004390905,0.5074604,0.04425511,0.09110004,0.3261425,0.002098739],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.5700917,0.00226143,0.3388083,0.01668913,0.0004793172,0.002968539,0.00002429113,0.001071686,0.0676057],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9862483,0.0009574292,0.0008306542,0.0003210502,0.00003792251,0.0004692985,0.00004434255,0.0000258737,0.01106517],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.7694764,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9998929,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.02332377601844762,"score_gpt":0.2731802184867504,"score_spread":0.2498564424683028,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}