{"id":"W7128209984","doi":"10.3138/ccar.v7i2.239","title":"Mass Actions: How Litigation Investment Makes Class Actions Unnecessary","year":2011,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Canadian Class Action Review","topic":"Dispute Resolution and Class Actions","field":"Business, Management and Accounting","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Plaintiff; Class action; Action (physics); Investment (military); Class (philosophy); Mass tort","routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":true},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.02867216,0.000604425,0.0007967401,0.003110605,0.01049109,0.01404967,0.003606485,0.00805443,0.01460154],"category_scores_gemma":[0.04709356,0.0006560942,0.0009777583,0.001774917,0.02155991,0.009171287,0.005251615,0.008503468,0.001641967],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0249024,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.03417447,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.2145316,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.247233,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9651816,0.009184455,0.0009882496,0.00337153,0.01575352,0.005520657],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9590091,0.02496613,0.002775076,0.003565739,0.00853105,0.001153004],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000009742375,0.00001117973,0.0003306846,0.00006239393,0.00001015268,0.00008296069,0.001025289,0.0001703422,0.00009828796,0.9704826,0.01142873,0.01628759],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00009064538,0.00007161304,0.002709254,0.0008668609,0.0001327159,0.0002632725,0.00259426,0.001372729,0.001079725,0.4363884,0.5543505,0.00008001494],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"commentary","genre_scores_codex":[0.02677381,0.01557277,0.04384672,0.09471931,0.001215759,0.0002623278,0.0001509815,0.0002260142,0.8172323],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.8270363,0.01099933,0.0165506,0.04108328,0.001228548,0.0003698754,0.0001049584,0.0002322052,0.102395],"genre_candidate":"commentary","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.7854684,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.4265658,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.1404893572371118,"score_gpt":0.2797150027692251,"score_spread":0.1392256455321132,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}