{"id":"W7128229737","doi":"10.3138/ccar.v6i2.449","title":"The Space Between Rule 20 and 21: The Evidentiary Burden on Certification","year":2010,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Canadian Class Action Review","topic":"Legal principles and applications","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Certification; Meaning (existential); Supreme court; Test (biology); Statutory law; Jurisprudence; Common law; Space (punctuation); Agency (philosophy)","routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":true},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.02367744,0.000488567,0.001277057,0.002236353,0.006307959,0.01065721,0.003990707,0.01209245,0.002764925],"category_scores_gemma":[0.04335104,0.0006167296,0.001324323,0.001156715,0.03089332,0.008050529,0.004676588,0.01490376,0.001149244],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.008960344,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.02625296,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.03453858,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.03839938,"domain_scores_codex":[0.961521,0.008221379,0.002941753,0.00461431,0.01981121,0.00289036],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9723041,0.01679911,0.002374345,0.002600005,0.005109112,0.0008132752],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000007176229,0.000009110679,0.000178263,0.00003480859,0.000004966327,0.00008843853,0.0005780539,0.0001320002,0.0001588198,0.9915876,0.002461121,0.004759667],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00003388236,0.0001125375,0.001291999,0.0004936643,0.00003355245,0.0003633204,0.0008219296,0.0005658802,0.0007441121,0.8854237,0.1100437,0.0000717072],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"other","genre_scores_codex":[0.06183831,0.01792291,0.08569732,0.1616923,0.003901515,0.0003644952,0.0003422819,0.0001358721,0.6681049],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.868611,0.006660502,0.02616813,0.06543934,0.00259993,0.000317324,0.0001539317,0.00008051007,0.02996937],"genre_candidate":"other","genre_consensus":"other","teacher_disagreement_score":0.9654614,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.1252198,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.0651739564324587,"score_gpt":0.3571082286701801,"score_spread":0.2919342722377213,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}