{"id":"W7128684540","doi":"10.3386/w33740","title":"Why Do Union Jobs Pay More? New Evidence from Matched Employer-Employee Data","year":2025,"lang":"","type":"report","venue":"National Bureau of Economic Research","topic":"","field":"","cited_by":3,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research; Government of Canada","keywords":"Government (linguistics); Payment; Work (physics); Unemployment","routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":true},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.009241889,0.0003740179,0.0009303432,0.003781069,0.001947985,0.002954849,0.002486942,0.001174062,0.009033502],"category_scores_gemma":[0.04474158,0.0004410917,0.0008853636,0.00968833,0.001409607,0.001083997,0.001304133,0.001176796,0.001282841],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00499781,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.006065678,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.8423702,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.8093437,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9925081,0.001188063,0.0005653551,0.001406523,0.003297548,0.001034424],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9135712,0.04245088,0.02224916,0.007297278,0.01096354,0.003467913],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0006330996,0.0001561395,0.9478315,0.0003517398,0.0007263363,0.000196194,0.001123337,0.0003598493,0.0001628712,0.002039854,0.01266511,0.03375395],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000077144,0.00003796586,0.9871284,0.0001549284,0.000266014,0.00004874258,0.001203403,0.0003981129,0.0001495358,0.0005693536,0.009941856,0.00002450365],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.8876695,0.0287619,0.002348417,0.008996399,0.0003722705,0.0001590868,0.03931342,0.0001001112,0.03227885],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.976957,0.005395841,0.0007029378,0.001964628,0.0002108571,0.00003085922,0.01137534,0.00004214834,0.003320351],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.8423702,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.3171161,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.5569029924911256,"score_gpt":0.5571075704844081,"score_spread":0.0002045779932824399,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}