{"id":"W7129547315","doi":"10.1109/icipw68931.2025.11386324","title":"Real Images Hold the Key to Detecting AI-Generated Images Using Bayer Pattern Analysis","year":2025,"lang":"","type":"article","venue":"","topic":"Digital Media Forensic Detection","field":"Computer Science","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of British Columbia","funders":"","keywords":"Autoencoder; Key (lock); Pixel; Pattern recognition (psychology); Generalization; Digital image; Invariant (physics); Image (mathematics)","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0007035483,0.0006731251,0.0004883801,0.001076973,0.0002955142,0.0009322286,0.0007634487,0.0009496319,0.00156351],"category_scores_gemma":[0.002960641,0.0003330209,0.0003490704,0.0005002794,0.0009853838,0.001503804,0.0008380233,0.001450221,0.001541456],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0003308352,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0003376144,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000495698,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000866494,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9994593,0.0000801378,0.00002227831,0.0001590217,0.000230676,0.00004853826],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9986197,0.0003683035,0.0002180732,0.0004379514,0.0002874443,0.00006849189],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000242705,0.0001144383,0.003856003,0.0002437463,0.00005632123,0.0003604969,0.0002165156,0.02073709,0.2701835,0.01201226,0.003061469,0.6889154],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00003444909,0.0002988422,0.01305139,0.00008830068,0.00006592497,0.003255888,0.0002479271,0.5564649,0.3819285,0.02294326,0.021535,0.00008566978],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.06619499,0.0005004345,0.926179,0.0004041295,0.00009282691,0.0001225608,0.0001815038,0.001529615,0.004794898],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.4532672,0.0006084284,0.5406949,0.000304719,0.0001183753,0.00007260912,0.0004512191,0.000249841,0.004232661],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.00156351,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.005230486,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.01799681030518871,"score_gpt":0.2728474342812905,"score_spread":0.2548506239761019,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}