{"id":"W7130688282","doi":"10.1109/swc65939.2025.00060","title":"Automated Grading: Methods, Implementations, and Opportunities in Higher Education","year":2025,"lang":"","type":"article","venue":"","topic":"Student Assessment and Feedback","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Athabasca University; University of Alberta","funders":"Innovation Fund; Government of Alberta","keywords":"Grading (engineering); Workflow; Automation; Higher education","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.05202021,0.00149224,0.001157427,0.00602258,0.001511248,0.007889289,0.00396444,0.002988581,0.004420193],"category_scores_gemma":[0.07196784,0.001505103,0.0008837613,0.00698025,0.003366741,0.00935768,0.002946639,0.003968216,0.004414797],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.002795544,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.003667653,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00272315,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.002405145,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9558119,0.02583291,0.002672649,0.003330387,0.01145616,0.0008960915],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.8926159,0.0567368,0.006932525,0.01743194,0.02323654,0.003046276],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001365682,0.0003415509,0.007151631,0.0007620418,0.00005324322,0.00006151456,0.0008299578,0.003343309,0.002196189,0.02938836,0.007046485,0.9486891],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0002630047,0.001401836,0.02542259,0.005347912,0.0001843675,0.001399006,0.002463845,0.1480934,0.02627988,0.4776094,0.3108287,0.0007059661],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"review","genre_scores_codex":[0.01973471,0.02359213,0.9285154,0.00850421,0.0008908251,0.0005662899,0.0002398145,0.004044817,0.01391181],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.163947,0.01077755,0.8182083,0.000690961,0.0006156542,0.0004314352,0.0003252104,0.0005840557,0.004419926],"genre_candidate":"review","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.05202021,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.2751125,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.1780403127498506,"score_gpt":0.5101519021792482,"score_spread":0.3321115894293977,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}