{"id":"W7133196869","doi":"10.18280/ijsse.151209","title":"Deep Learning Models for Fake Review Detection: A Focus on Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers and Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory","year":2025,"lang":"","type":"article","venue":"International Journal of Safety and Security Engineering","topic":"Misinformation and Its Impacts","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Deep learning; Transformer; Encoder; Focus (optics); Long short term memory; Autoencoder","routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":true,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":true},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001226395,0.0009047277,0.0007257679,0.0008984152,0.0002613794,0.001244301,0.001347561,0.001096009,0.003041977],"category_scores_gemma":[0.005784649,0.0003412685,0.0006029259,0.0009224073,0.0005148869,0.002753841,0.001103711,0.002461445,0.001449794],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0008903065,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.001355422,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.005767838,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.008434924,"domain_scores_codex":[0.999674,0.0001014653,0.00001833186,0.00009767091,0.00005208256,0.00005650759],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9983292,0.0008340393,0.0001855108,0.0002556217,0.0003046833,0.00009086647],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0006107197,0.000587519,0.007587317,0.0004167979,0.0002595607,0.0001357253,0.0001815267,0.2504171,0.007081268,0.04945204,0.01853983,0.6647306],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000008546327,0.00004345795,0.0004313864,0.0000365093,0.00003257241,0.00002798833,0.00001463969,0.9799952,0.001539421,0.01686483,0.0009938934,0.00001151689],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.1219749,0.005650167,0.8559913,0.004215229,0.0004323594,0.0001201425,0.001819782,0.002421881,0.007374194],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9267822,0.002741413,0.05500599,0.000659209,0.0002436484,0.0001087131,0.001907103,0.0001142178,0.01243747],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.005767838,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.01146853,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.01923887087618762,"score_gpt":0.2994676376635284,"score_spread":0.2802287667873408,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}