{"id":"W7138900758","doi":"10.1109/globecom59602.2025.11431750","title":"Theoretical Limits of Differential Doppler Positioning Using LEO Satellite Signals","year":2025,"lang":"","type":"article","venue":"","topic":"GNSS positioning and interference","field":"Engineering","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"ca_institutions":"Queen's University","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Satellite; Doppler effect; Differential (mechanical device); Noise (video); Doppler radar; Satellite navigation","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow","insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001672944,0.0003844258,0.000533069,0.0003062067,0.000184401,0.000194881,0.0004057286,0.0002886453,0.004178294],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00008211823,0.0003877951,0.000250341,0.0004196953,0.0003570299,0.0001910035,0.0001582492,0.0004242245,0.0000425532],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001119882,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00007636179,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00004732939,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000002116598,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9978209,0.0001291949,0.000850056,0.000399902,0.0002649784,0.0005349282],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9988006,0.0002555916,0.00009253979,0.0005145681,0.000217313,0.0001193569],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00007304082,0.0001575584,0.0002754281,0.0003467193,0.0003355947,0.000002924387,0.0004283095,0.01334034,0.2967916,0.6858043,0.0001631418,0.002280996],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0006204798,0.0001615514,0.002441464,0.003042108,0.0003959112,0.00001947282,0.0001811929,0.4564197,0.5176299,0.01856508,0.00003369202,0.0004893874],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.471215,0.001602323,0.3216725,0.0002079606,0.001198868,0.0002380119,0.00002605684,0.0001521837,0.2036871],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.995517,0.000233974,0.003482329,0.00008138694,0.0001144461,0.000005838599,0.00001619798,0.00003560172,0.0005132461],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.6672392,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9998574,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.01638526930231648,"score_gpt":0.2681946577807808,"score_spread":0.2518093884784643,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}