{"id":"W7162324698","doi":"10.3997/2214-4609.2025101439","title":"Deep Saline Aquifers as an Emerging Resource for Direct Lithium Extraction (DLE): Learnings from Alberta, Canada","year":2025,"lang":"","type":"article","venue":"","topic":"Extraction and Separation Processes","field":"Engineering","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Extraction (chemistry); Resource (disambiguation); Aquifer; Lithium (medication); Groundwater","routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":true},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0009170058,0.0004435477,0.0002475117,0.001269134,0.004823842,0.003811176,0.0007922483,0.0006252138,0.004742125],"category_scores_gemma":[0.001001167,0.0002076804,0.0002485012,0.002271381,0.002870797,0.00132666,0.001667855,0.001190515,0.000391408],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.04728119,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.06885378,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":true,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.9817613,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.9955822,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9992418,0.00005742881,0.0000133943,0.00006127787,0.0004201968,0.0002059458],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9988827,0.000113037,0.0000463549,0.00002859353,0.0007024368,0.0002269048],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000532914,0.0001822294,0.1236797,0.001436326,0.00006092929,0.005470049,0.02485435,0.009298941,0.01984441,0.06110039,0.07753482,0.6760049],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00002512106,0.000171752,0.1432856,0.001520984,0.00008382573,0.001091138,0.1096173,0.003995574,0.01066083,0.01167465,0.7176598,0.0002134696],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.5482793,0.03873264,0.007975825,0.0664217,0.0006391715,0.0002302435,0.002112828,0.0002795107,0.3353288],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.8532444,0.04059431,0.009094846,0.003103405,0.00007705265,0.00002690057,0.0007270421,0.0000867693,0.09304533],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.04728119,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.3430507,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.009273369092599841,"score_gpt":0.2751874214713336,"score_spread":0.2659140523787337,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}