{"id":"W931429513","doi":"10.22495/cocv14i1p2","title":"Dual class firms and debt issuance","year":2016,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Corporate Ownership and Control","topic":"Corporate Finance and Governance","field":"Business, Management and Accounting","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Concordia University","funders":"Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Dual (grammatical number); Volatility (finance); Debt; Creditor; Business; Covenant; Class (philosophy); Monetary economics; Finance; Economics","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0010914,0.0001619249,0.0003849354,0.00168987,0.0006794361,0.002227316,0.0005444016,0.0007249933,0.005249834],"category_scores_gemma":[0.01137729,0.0001318228,0.0002723638,0.002047155,0.0008663108,0.001243814,0.001611938,0.001260097,0.0005818864],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0006972881,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0004234936,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.005069655,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.005556253,"domain_scores_codex":[0.998722,0.0001977537,0.0001118801,0.0002063911,0.0002603728,0.0005014708],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9682605,0.004376486,0.02363625,0.0007722803,0.0007135158,0.002240923],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00008733974,0.00009601208,0.9946312,0.000007603939,0.00002207711,0.00009951091,0.0002463396,0.0001064415,0.0001572309,0.0009083006,0.0001707775,0.003467211],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00001117905,0.00008333117,0.9961004,0.00001202901,0.00001524629,0.0002089399,0.0009821631,0.0005586105,0.0002319094,0.0008128127,0.0009756529,0.00000774189],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9979215,0.0001271849,0.00007589844,0.00009189986,0.000003551694,0.000006570828,0.0001464405,0.000002040375,0.001624871],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9992161,0.00004637909,0.00002508783,0.00001172206,0.000007605734,0.000002911112,0.0001739832,9.481086e-7,0.000515264],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.005249834,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.01756245,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.02343080671504003,"score_gpt":0.1926235789575082,"score_spread":0.1691927722424682,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}