{"id":"W931429513","doi":"10.22495/cocv14i1p2","title":"Dual class firms and debt issuance","year":2016,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Corporate Ownership and Control","topic":"Corporate Finance and Governance","field":"Business, Management and Accounting","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Concordia University","funders":"Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Dual (grammatical number); Volatility (finance); Debt; Creditor; Business; Covenant; Class (philosophy); Monetary economics; Finance; Economics","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0002339523,0.0002295641,0.0002741083,0.00005672339,0.0001501196,0.0001848351,0.0001167409,0.00008892459,0.00007017801],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00007252528,0.0001446695,0.00004202897,0.000201856,0.0001718061,0.0009445132,0.00005613649,0.00008609021,0.0002019818],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00001339345,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00002318709,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00007594794,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00012968,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9988652,0.00001165015,0.0002192374,0.0004021641,0.0001610292,0.0003406477],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9991368,0.00006669389,0.0004323749,0.0002175835,0.0001145174,0.00003201421],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0006542183,0.0000714577,0.7378142,0.0001613781,0.00006067408,0.0001089258,0.00003451366,0.000003402484,0.01077995,0.1015739,0.02731245,0.1214249],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.007838592,0.00007548898,0.5418606,0.0002498646,0.0001330288,0.00001653531,0.0000650798,0.001132087,0.0001707908,0.04316498,0.404414,0.0008789406],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9790338,0.001123386,0.002031641,0.01256035,0.0007652706,0.0003433358,0.00002863801,0.0001440074,0.003969564],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9911442,0.0001983578,0.00001469701,0.00363275,0.001426218,0.00002782068,0.000003407135,0.0000241465,0.003528362],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.3771016,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.589945,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.02343080671504003,"score_gpt":0.1926235789575082,"score_spread":0.1691927722424682,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}