Intracellular Replication and Exit Strategies
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This chapter discusses the ability of the pathogenic cryptococci to proliferate intracellularly and examines the different strategies cryptococci use to exit host cells. The intracellular location provides a dual benefit to Cryptococcus, both in avoiding extracellular host immune mechanisms, such as complement, and in reducing exposure to antifungal agents. The establishment of different in vitro systems that utilize cell lines and the application of techniques such as live cell imaging have contributed to rapid advances in one's understanding of the molecular mechanisms influencing Cryptococcus's ability to proliferate intracellularly. Intracellular parasitism is associated with a continuous struggle between the pathogen and its host cell. Within host cells, Cryptococcus encounters a harsh environment of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species; oxygen, nutrient, and metal ion deprivation; and low pH and high temperatures. Therefore, the yeast expresses multiple virulence factors including a capsule, melanin, and a variety of secreted enzymes that can modify the host's defense mechanisms to achieve intracellular replication. The melanized Cryptococcus neoformans strain 145 is more resistant to cell death caused by lymphocytes than the less melanized strain 52. Resistance to cryptococcal infection is associated with a Th1 response and the consequent phagocyte activation, whereas Th2-polarized host responses lead to inhibition of phagocyte activity and enhanced susceptibility to C. neoformans. Whole-genome microarray analysis has identified a large number of candidate genes that may influence proliferative capacity and revealed an unexpected role for mitochondrial genes in regulating cryptococcal hypervirulence in the Vancouver Island strains.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.006 | 0.004 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".