Bibliographic record
Abstract
Visuo-spatial cuing effects have been obtained with various types of cues such as arrows, eye-gaze or sudden onsets. Here we test whether the spatial associations of temporal cues also cause a visual orienting response. The representation of time often implies a spatial association, and for people from many Western societies this association goes such that temporally earlier events are associated with left-side space while temporally later events are associated with right-side space. In our study we tested whether this association also causes a visual orienting response. A time word (e.g. “yesterday”, “tomorrow”) appeared in the middle of the screen, followed by a target in either the left- or right-side periphery. Word cues did indeed facilitate target detection, such that left-side targets were responded to faster after word-cues referring to the past while right-side targets were responded to faster after word-cues referring to the future. The results indicate that there is indeed an association between the representation of time and space and that this association can influence the orientation of visuo-spatial attention.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.007 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".