Canada’s Earthquakes: ‘The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly’
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Much of Canada is ‘earthquake country’. Tiny earthquakes (that can only be recorded by seismographs) happen every day. On average, earthquakes large enough to be felt occur every week in Canada, damaging earthquakes are years to decades apart, and some of the world’s largest earthquakes are typically separated by intervals of centuries. In this article, we provide details on the most significant earthquakes that have been recorded in, or near, Canada, including where and when they occurred, how they were felt, and the effects of those earthquakes. We also provide a brief review of how earthquakes are monitored across Canada and some recent earthquake hazard research. It is the results of this monitoring and research, which provide knowledge on earthquake hazard, that are incorporated into the National Building Code of Canada. This, in turn, will contribute to reduced property losses from future earthquakes across Canada. SOMMAIRE Un bonne partie du Canada est un ‘pays de seismes’. De petits seismes (que seuls les seismographes peuvent enregistrer) s’y produisent quotidiennement. En moyenne, un seisme assez fort pour qu’on le ressente s’y produit a intervalle d’une semaine; assez fort pour causer des dommages s’y produit a intervalle de quelques annees a quelques decennies; alors que l’intervalle de recurrence des plus grands seismes est de l’ordre des siecles. Dans le present article on trouvera des details sur les plus importants seismes s’etant produits sur ou a proximite du territoire canadien, incluant le lieu et le moment, leurs manifestations et leurs repercussions. On y decrit sommairement les moyens de detection deployes sur le territoire canadien ainsi que quelques-unes des recherches recentes sur les risques sismiques. Ce sont les resultats des efforts de surveillance et des recherches sur les tremblements de terre qui ont ete integres dans le Code national du bâtiment du Canada. Et cela aidera a amoindrir les repercussions des seismes a venir sur la propriete.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.006 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.008 | 0.003 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.006 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.007 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".