Kerala: Deepening a radical social democracy
Bibliographic record
Abstract
At first glance, the Indian state of Kerala would hardly seem to be a strong candidate for designation as a social democracy. It is, first, a sub-national state, and even if its population of 31 million surpasses that of many European nations, it does not enjoy the macroeconomic powers that have been the key policy instruments of social-democratic pacts. The state in Kerala cannot control the flow of capital, protect its markets, collect income taxes, or adjust interest rates. Second, whereas social democracy is generally associated with industrialized (or industrializing) societies, Kerala remains a largely rural society, with fully one-quarter of its state domestic product coming from agriculture, and three-quarters of its population living in rural areas. The industrial working class, a key actor in the historical formation of European social democracy, remains small, albeit quite powerful. Indeed, Kerala's economy has all the structural markings of the periphery – a large, small farmer agricultural sector, a small and stagnant industrial sector dominated by agro-processing industries such as coir (coconut fiber) production, and a rapidly growing service sector. At a per capita income of $US500, the material base for social democracy is thin at best. Finally, the dominant political party on the left – the Communist Party of India (Marxist) (CPI(M)) – would most emphatically reject the social-democratic label. For all of these reasons, the class-institutional configuration of social democracy – a centrally managed class compromise between capital and labor – appears to be largely missing.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.009 | 0.009 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.008 | 0.004 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.010 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".