Challenging the Sprawl of Big Box Retail: The Smart Growth Approach to 'Zone it and They Will Come' Development
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to outline the impacts of big box retail land uses on communities in North America and to explore legal and integrated land use strategies to address the problems associated with big box retail. While it is beyond the scope of this paper to detail strategies that counter the effects of superstores on regional and national labor markets, many of the land use solutions proposed in Part 3 inherently address these issues. In Part 1, I briefly outline the smart growth metropolitan development framework in which big box sprawl is situated, and in Part 2 set out the problems with big box stores. In Part 3, I present the jurisprudence of land use and zoning that frames how local governments and citizens can control retail development in communities. In Part 4, I further discuss specific strategies employed by states, local governments, and citizens to control big box sprawl. Finally, Part 5 is dedicated to case studies of integrated legal and political approaches that have resulted in smart growth solutions.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.005 | 0.032 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.006 | 0.006 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.007 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".