Bibliographic record
Abstract
Summary form only given. Binary variable order adaptive algorithms like the UMC of Rissanen (1986) and JBIG can be used to losslessly compress non-binary data by splitting the data into planes, each of 1 bit resolution, and passing each plane to a separate instance of the algorithm. The UMC algorithm operated in this way is the most powerful lossless signal data compressor the authors are aware of. We attempt to develop an understanding of why this approach is so effective. We investigate the common technique of Gray coding the data before splitting it into single-bit planes and passing to the modeler and coder, and compare it to a simple weighted binary coding. We then propose a non-binary pseudo-Gray code as a method of generating planes of resolution greater than or equal to 1 bit, and compare it with the other conventional methods. The algorithm to generate the pseudo-Gray code is much the same as that for the construction of a binary Gray code, except that instead of minimizing the Hamming distance between neighboring bit planes, we instead minimize the Euclidean distance between adjacent groups of bit planes.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.019 | 0.006 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".