The Gender Confidence Gap in Fractions Knowledge: Gender Differences in Student Belief–Achievement Relationships
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Recent research demonstrates that in many countries gender differences in mathematics achievement have virtually disappeared. Expectancy‐value theory and social cognition theory both predict that if gender differences in achievement have declined there should be a similar decline in gender differences in self‐beliefs. Extant literature is equivocal: there are studies indicating that the male over female advantage in self‐efficacy and beliefs about math learning is as strong as ever and there are studies reporting an absence of gender differences in belief. Using data from 996 grades 7–10 Canadian students, we found that gender differences in beliefs continued, even though gender differences in achievement were near zero. Gender differences, favoring males, were larger for self‐beliefs (math self‐efficacy and fear of failure) and weaker for functional and dysfunctional beliefs about math learning. There were also gender differences in the structure of a model linking beliefs about math, beliefs about self and achievement.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.015 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.009 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".