Climate change, global environmental justice and international environmental law
Bibliographic record
Abstract
[W]e need to be constantly skeptical of the universalist ‘we’ who talks loftily about the principles of global justice. Andrew Hurrell I don't find justice either a useful decision-making tool or a recognizable objective for international law. Judge Rosalyn Higgins [I]nternational law exists as a promise of justice. Martti Koskenniemi [T]he future will see increasing efforts to form international [environmental] regimes, often with profound effects on nonparticipants…Principles of global justice…are going to be among the most important topics of the new world. Christopher D. Stone Introduction Climate change is a global problem. The emission of greenhouse gases or destruction of carbon sinks anywhere in the world affects the Earth's climate. Similarly, while the nature and severity of impacts may vary geographically, no state can insulate itself from the consequences of global climate change. Climate change is also an inter-temporal problem. The actions and omissions of the present will have implications for climatic conditions in the future, just as activities undertaken in the past have had impacts on today's climate. Historically, emissions of greenhouse gases have been far greater in the industrialized countries. The emissions of Northern countries still significantly exceed those of developing countries, although the emissions share of the developing world and the emissions of some large developing countries are projected to rise sharply over the next two decades. The impacts of climate change are likely to disproportionately affect Southern, developing countries, many of which are especially vulnerable to such impacts.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.007 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.006 | 0.005 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.006 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.025 | 0.005 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".