Tohoku-Oki earthquake caused major ionospheric disturbances at 450 km altitude over Alaska
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Ionospheric total electron content (TEC) and atmospheric density perturbations were derived from measurements made from instruments on board the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) spacecraft. At the time of the Tohoku-Oki earthquake on 11 March 2011, the twin spacecraft were orbiting at an altitude of ~450 km over Alaska. Significant TEC fluctuations (up to 0.6 total electron content unit (TECU; 1 TECU = 1016 el m−2), atmospheric density perturbations (~3.6 · 10−14 kg/m3), and sudden changes in GRACE acceleration (~4 · 10−8 m/s2) were observed ~8 min after the arrival of seismic and infrasound waves on the ground in Alaska, ~20 min after the Tohoku-Oki main shock at 05:46:23 UTC. The results of the three-dimensional ionospheric-thermospheric modeling and infrasound ray-tracing simulations are consistent with the arrival time and physical characteristics of the disturbances at GRACE. This is the first time that ionospheric disturbances associated with an earthquake are clearly attributable to perturbations at such high altitudes.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it