Worldwide spread of the penny ant, Tetramorium bicarinatum (Hymenoptera: Formicidae).
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Tetramorium bicarinatum (Nylander, 1846) (formerly misclassified as Tetramorium guineense (Fabricius)) has long been recognized as one of the world's most broadly distributed ant species. To evaluate the worldwide spread of T. bicarinatum, I compiled published and unpublished specimen records from > 1000 sites. I documented the earliest known T. bicarinatum records for 148 geographic areas (countries, island groups, major Caribbean islands, US states, and Canadian provinces), including several areas for which I found no previously published records: Aruba, Barbuda, Belize, Comoro Islands, Grenada, Iles Eparses, Mascarene Islands, Missouri, Montserrat, Nepal, Sweden, and Tobago. Tetramorium bicarinatum is widespread throughout much of the tropics and subtropics, except for continental Africa and West Asia, where it is largely absent. In addition, T. bicarinatum is found in temperate areas inside greenhouses and heated buildings. In the past, many authors have assumed T. bicarinatum to be African in origin. However, analysis of its known distribution and those of its closest relatives indicates that T. bicarinatum originated in the Indo-Pacific. Currently, the most widely used common name for T. bicarinatum is Guinea a name based solely on the erroneous 19th century synonymy of Tetramorium bicarinatum with Pheidoleguineensis (Fabricius) described from Guinea, West Africa. This ill-chosen common name perpetuates the misconception that T. bicarinatum is from Africa. This problem is further compounded by the coincidental existence a secondary homonym Tetramorium guineense (Bernard, 1953), the valid name of an unrelated species known only from Africa. Therefore, I propose a new common name for T. bicarinatum: the penny ant, based primarily on the ant's copper-brown color, similar to that of a copper penny.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it