Tourism and national parks : international perspectives on development, histories and change
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Introduction 1. Introduction: The Making of the National Park Concept 2. Reinterpreting the Creation Myth: Yellowstone National Park 3. American Invention to International Concept: The Spread and Evolution of National Parks 4. National Parks and the 'Worthless Lands Hypothesis' Revisited 5. National Parks and National Identity and Tourism New World Perspectives 6. Framing the View: How American National Parks Came to Be 7. John Muir and William Gladstone Steel: Activists and the Establishment of Yosemite and Crater Lake National Parks 8. Tourism and the Canadian National Park System: Protection, Use and Balance 9. The Great Barrier Reef Marine Park: Natural Wonder and World Heritage Area 10. 'Welcome to Aboriginal Land': The Uluru - Kata Tjuta National Park Old World Perspectives 11. The National Park Concept in Spain: Patriotism, Education, Romanticism and Tourism 12. The English Lake District - National Park or playground? 13. The Peak District National Park UK: Contemporary Complexities and Challenges 14. A Ticket to National Parks? Tourism, Railways, and the Establishment of National Parks in Sweden 15. 'Protect, preserve, present' - The Role of Tourism in Swedish National Parks Developing World: Beyond The Eurocentric 16. National Parks in Indonesia: An Alien Construct 17. National Parks in Transition: Wuyishan Scenic Park in China 18. 'Full of rubberneck waggons and tourists': The Development of Tourism in South Africa's National Parks and Protected Areas Beyond Nature 19. National Parks as Cultural Landscapes: Indigenous Peoples, Conservation and Tourism 20. National Mall and Memorial Parks: Past, Present and Future Conclusion 21. The Future of the National Park Concept
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.005 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.007 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.008 | 0.005 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.023 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".