Density and transport mode choice in Australian, Canadian and US cities
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper re-examines the relationship between population density and transport mode choice, taking another look at the ideas that have come to be known as the ‘compact city’. It begins by reviewing the origins of the view that density determines mode choice, and that viable public transport cannot be provided below a density threshold variously estimated at 30 to 100 persons per hectare. The claim has been widely made, but an examination of the alleged basis reveals multiple layers of citation ultimately deriving from a single source, the Chicago Area Transportation Study 1956. The CATS analysis erroneously attributed poor suburban public transport to low densities, when the real causes were failures of planning and policy. The paper then reviews the more recent data provided by Newman and Kenworthy, who found a similar relationship to that reported in CATS. Use of the most recent census data from Australia, Canada and the United States suggests that the Newman-Kenworthy data contained errors in the estimation of urban densities. When these are corrected, the results reveal only a very weak correlation between density and public transport use, and no correlation at all with walking and cycling. The paper concludes that the ‘compact city’ notion is not substantiated by evidence. (a) For the covering record of the conference, please refer to ITRD no. E218380.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it