Bibliographic record
Abstract
fuel supplies and arising environmental problems associated with fuel emission products.Magnesium alloys are a promising alternative to the aluminium alloys currently dominating the transportation industry.However, the limited use of magnesium in engineering applications results mainly from the shortcomings including high reactivity in the molten state, inferior fatigue and creep properties compared to aluminium, poor corrosion and wear resistance [22].One of the main challenges in the use of magnesium, particularly for outdoor application, is to overcome its poor corrosion resistance.Magnesium and its alloys are extremely susceptible to galvanic corrosion, which can cause severe attack in the metal resulting in decreased mechanical stability and an unattractive appearance.Corrosion can be minimized by the use of high purity alloys in which the heavy metal impurities such as iron, nickel and copper are kept below a threshold value.The elimination of bad design, surface contamination, galvanic couples and inadequate or incorrectly applied surface protection schemes can also significantly decrease the corrosion rate of magnesium alloys in service [3].In this chapter, the corrosion characteristic of Mg and Mg alloys are described.Fundamental aspects of magnesium corrosion such as general corrosion, galvanic corrosion, pitting, stress corrosion and corrosion fatigue are reviewed.The factors that control the corrosion behaviour of Mg and Mg alloys are discussed in some detail.Finally, the more recently developed corrosion science and engineering underpinning various surface treatment methods such as electrochemical plating, conversion coating, anodizing, gas-phase coating, organic coating, electrolytic plasma oxidation for magnesium alloys are described. Corrosion characteristics of pure magnesiumMagnesium, like most metals and alloys, relies on a natural surface film to control its corrosion.However, the nature of this film is not thoroughly understood.Good passive films are those that restrict the outward flow of cations, resist the inward flow of damaging anions or oxidants, and rapidly repair themselves in the event of localized breakdown.The structure and composition of the surface films, which depends strongly on environmental and metallurgical factors, such as electrolyte species and impurities in the metal, determine the protective ability of a passive film. Environmental effectsNo material shows high corrosion resistance in all kinds of environments.The high corrosion resistance of materials always refers to some specific environments.Magnesium has its own preferred service environments.However, there are fewer media that are suitable for the magnesium and magnesium alloys compared with other materials, such as steels and aluminum alloys.For example, magnesium and magnesium alloys are usually stable in basic solutions, but in neutral and acidic media they dissolve at high rates [3].This is quite different from aluminum alloys that are normally stable in neutral media but are unstable in both basic and acidic solutions.Magnesium Alloys -Properties in Solid and Liquid States Pb -Pb +2 -0.126 Sn -Sn +2 -0.136 Ni -Ni +2 -0.250 Co -Co +2 -0.277 Cd -Cd +2 -0.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.003 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".