Leaders and followers — A new metaheuristic to avoid the bias of accumulated information
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Finding good solutions on multi-modal optimization problems depends mainly on the efficacy of exploration. However, many search techniques applied to multi-modal problems were initially conceptualized with unimodal functions in mind, prioritizing exploitation over exploration. In this paper, we perform a study on the efficacy of exploration under random sampling, which leads to the identification of an important comparison bias that occurs when a solution which has benefited from local search is compared to the first (random) solution in a new search area. With the goal of eliminating this bias and improving the efficacy of exploration, we have developed a new search technique explicitly designed for multi-modal search spaces. “Leaders and Followers” aims to eliminate the negative effects of information accumulation and at the same time use the information from the best solutions in a way that they have controlled influence over the newly-sampled solutions. The proposed metaheuristic outperforms both Particle Swarm Optimization and Differential Evolution across a broad range of multi-modal optimization problems.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".