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Record W1581459281

Deep Ocean Mining

2001· article· en· W1581459281 on OpenAlex

Why this work is in the frame

A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.

affAt least one author lists a Canadian institution in the pinned OpenAlex snapshot.
venuePublished in a venue whose home country is Canada.
aboutThe title or abstract carries a Canadian signal from the geographic lexicon.

Bibliographic record

VenueGeoscience Canada · 2001
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldEarth and Planetary Sciences
TopicGeochemistry and Elemental Analysis
Canadian institutionsUniversity of Toronto
Fundersnot available
KeywordsGeologyDeep seaManganeseGeochemistryHydrothermal ventHydrothermal circulationOceanographyPaleontologyMetallurgyMaterials science
DOInot available

Abstract

fetched live from OpenAlex

Earth's deep ocean beyond the continental rises at depths greater than approximately 1000 m constitutes about half of the surface area of the planet and hosts several mineral resources that have been or are soon to be investigated for commercial recovery. These include manganese nodules (copper, nickel, cobalt), manganese crusts (cobalt, platinum group elements), and polymetallic sulphides (copper, zinc, lead, silver, gold, barium). Polymetallic sulphides, formed by hydrothermal venting on the sea floor, are widespread in a variety of geological settings, including off Canada's west coast. Some deposits, such as the Atlantis II Deep in the Red Sea that contains 94 million metric tons, rival the size of analogous giant ore bodies on land although most marine deposits are very much smaller. Two entrepreneurial companies have taken aim at recovering these deposits and one, Nautilus Minerals, holds an exploration licence over large areas offshore of Papua New Guinea. The environmental consequences of mining the polymetallic sulphides are not well known but there is evidence that ocean mining may actually be less deleterious to the planet than land mining. Canadians are in a good position to play a major role in this new industry. Resume Les profondeurs marines qui s'etendent au dela des talus continentaux et qui forment plus de la moitie de la surface de la planete, renferment nombres de ressources minerales qui ont deja ete explorees ou le seront prochainement dans une optique d'exploitation commerciale. Ces ressources minerales comprennent des nodules de manganese (cuivre, nickel, cobalt), des croutes de manganese (cobalt, elements du groupe du platine), ainsi que des concentrations de sulfures polymetalliques (cuivre, zinc plomb, argent, or, baryum). Les sulfures polymetalliques formes par des exhalations hydrothermales sur fond marin sont communs et presents dans une variete de contextes geologiques differents, dont la bordure marine de la cote ouest canadienne. Bien que certains gites, tel le gite Atlantis II Deep de la mer Rouge qui renferme 94 millions de tonnes metriques de minerai se compare aux gites continentaux geants, la plupart sont beaucoup plus petits. Deux societes entreprenantes entendent exploiter ces gisements, et l'une d'elles, Nautilus Minerah detient un permis d'exploration couvrant de grandes portions de l'offshore de la Nouvelle-Guinee. Les effets environnementaux de l'exploitation miniere de gites de sulfures polymetalliques ne sont pas bien connus, mais il y a raison de croire que l'exploitation miniere en milieu marin serait moins nefaste que sa contrepartie sur terre. Les Canadiens sont bien places pour jouer un role majeur dans cette nouvelle industrie.

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

Full frame distilled prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.000
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.000
Version: codex-gemma-dda1882f352aValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesInsufficient payload (model declined to judge)
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Observational · Consensus signal: Observational
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: Empirical
Teacher disagreement score0.166
Threshold uncertainty score0.996

Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0000.000
Bibliometrics0.0000.000
Science and technology studies0.0000.000
Scholarly communication0.0000.000
Open science0.0000.000
Research integrity0.0000.000
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0050.000

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.006
GPT teacher head0.162
Teacher spread0.156 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it