Fécondité et incitatifs fiscaux : quelles conclusions pouvons-nous en tirer?
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper seeks to provide evidence on whether short term responses in childbearing decisions apparently induced by changes in tax incentives are permanent or transitory. Using inter-jurisdictional differences in the implementation of the Family Allowance Program in Canada in the mid 70's, we first establish that Québec families responded quite strongly to the added incentives in the short run, particularly in the case of families with two or more children prior to being exposed to the program. However, tracking down the cohorts across the 1981 and 1991 Censuses, we find that the same group of Québec women who responded strongly in the short run subsequently showed a decrease in fertility relative to the rest of Canada. These results suggest that the bulk of the program impact was transitory. In summary, while prices seem to matter, their impact in this case appears to work through a timing effect. Cette étude cherche à déterminer si l'effet de court terme des incitatifs fiscaux sur la décision d'avoir des enfants est de nature transitoire (par lequel seul le moment choisi pour avoir des enfants change) ou permanent (par lequel la taille ultime de la famille change). En utilisant des différences interprovinciales dans la mise en ?uvre du programme fédéral canadien d'allocations familiales au milieu des années 70, nous sommes en mesure d'estimer un effet de court terme substantiel pour les familles du Québec, particulièrement dans le cas des familles ayant préalablement deux enfants ou plus. Toutefois, les données des recensements de 1981 et 1991 montrent que les mêmes cohortes de femmes au Québec qui ont réagi fortement à l'incitatif financier à court terme ont ensuite diminué leur taux de fécondité comparativement aux femmes ailleurs au Canada. Ces résultats nous donnent à penser que l'impact du programme fut essentiellement transitoire. En somme, bien que le coût d'avoir des enfants ait son importance comme facteur influençant la décision d'en avoir, l'effet semble opérer sur le moment choisi et non sur le nombre.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.006 | 0.018 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.016 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".