Historiese oorsig oor die hantering van psigiatriese pasiënte met misdadige neigings
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This article gives a historic overview of the origin and development pertaining to the management of accused persons in criminal trials and who suffered from mental illness or mental deficiency at the time when the offence was committed. What makes the issue complicated is that legal insanity cannot be equated with mental illness or deficiency, for legal insanity is a test of capacity for action and choice and it is a formulation designed to determine responsibility. Therefore it is not whether a person suffered from some form of mental illness but whether as a result of a mental illness, the person lacked discernment and control over her/his actions at the time he/she acted. The author traces back the origin of Anglo-American law to the Greek and Roman philosophies and legal systems. Subsequently developments are discussed which took place during the medieval period and amongst others the views of Henrici Bracton, Edward Coke and Matthew Hale are expounded upon. Furthermore attention is also given to the McNaghten rules, the Irresistible impulse rule, the Durham rule and the American Law Institute formula. Regarding the insanity defense this article also addresses briefly the legal systems of a few selected countries (USA, UK, Canada, Sweden, Israel and South Africa) with divergent legal systems and it is revealing to reflect on the approaches of these systems and their own national identities.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.006 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it