Victoria Etnier Villamil: From Johnson's Kids to Lemonade Opera: The American Classical Singer Comes of Age
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Boston: Northeastern University Press, 2004 332 pages, $40.00 Victoria Etnier Villamil’s delightful book covers two decades of relatively recent operatic history, from 1935 to about 1955. But the era it chronicles seems as distant today as the age of the pyramids. It’s hard for contemporary opera lovers to imagine a time when opera companies were not thick on the ground, when American singers didn’t dominate their rosters, when cities such as Chicago, Seattle, St. Louis, Houston, Dallas, and Washington, D.C., were not thriving centers of operatic activity. But those days were not that long ago, and this engaging history explains how opera was transformed just before, during, and just after World War II—in other words, the period of Canadian-born Edward Johnson’s leadership of America’s premier company, the Metropolitan Opera. As the author describes her work in the preface, “It is the story of a generation of classically trained American singers who saw their profession, their image, and their art transformed by the extraordinary times in which they lived; it is about the obstacles they overcame, the breakthroughs they made, and the legacy they left” (p. ix).
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.005 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.005 | 0.004 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.035 | 0.009 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".