BK virus infection in transplant recipients: clinical manifestations, treatment options and the immune response.
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Polyomavirus BK (BKV) is ubiquitously present amongst the general population establishing a latent, seemingly asymptomatic infection in immunocompetent individuals. In transplant recipients, however, BKV reactivation is common and can lead to distinctive pathological entities in different patient groups: in renal transplant (RT) recipients, it is associated with nephropathy (BKVN) and ureteral stenosis, and in haematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) recipients with haemorrhagic cystitis (HC). Furthermore, BKV employs several potentially oncogenic mechanisms to promote its replication in cells and has been inconsistently linked to the development of malignancies. BKVN is currently a major cause of allograft failure in RT recipients. HC causes prolonged hospital stay and increased mortality in HSCT recipients. Despite its discovery more than 40 years ago, few advances have been made with regard to therapeutic strategies. Current therapies aim to restore the impaired immune response, e.g. by lowering immunosuppressive agents in RT recipients. However, this is a double-edged sword since it also increases the chance of rejection. Therefore, more specific and effective treatment strategies are urgently needed. Here, we will review the current knowledge on the structure and lifecycle of BKV, characteristics of the BKV-specific immune response, its clinical manifestations and the strengths and limitations of available treatments Polyomavirus BK (BKV) is ubiquitously present amongst the general population establishing a latent, seemingly asymptomatic infection in immunocompetent individuals. In transplant recipients, however, BKV reactivation is common and can lead to distinctive pathological entities in different patient groups: in renal transplant (RT) recipients, it is associated with nephropathy (BKVN) and ureteral stenosis, and in haematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) recipients with haemorrhagic cystitis (HC). Furthermore, BKV employs several potentially oncogenic mechanisms to promote its replication in cells and has been inconsistently linked to the development of malignancies. BKVN is currently a major cause of allograft failure in RT recipients. HC causes prolonged hospital stay and increased mortality in HSCT recipients. Despite its discovery more than 40 years ago, few advances have been made with regard to therapeutic strategies. Current therapies aim to restore the impaired immune response, e.g. by lowering immunosuppressive agents in RT recipients. However, this is a double-edged sword since it also increases the chance of rejection. Therefore, more specific and effective treatment strategies are urgently needed. Here, we will review the current knowledge on the structure and lifecycle of BKV, characteristics of the BKV-specific immune response, its clinical manifestations and the strengths and limitations of available treatments methods.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it