PALEOENVIRONMENTAL CHARTS FOR TERRESTRIAL IMPACT STRUCTURES - A SIMPLE TOOL TO TEST IMPACT AGES AND MARINE/CONTINENTAL IMPACT CONDITIONS.
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Introduction and Background: Most of the ~175 impact structures currently known on Earth are still insufficiently dated [1-2]. At buried or deeply eroded impact structures that lack material suitable for isotopic dating, stratigraphic methods provide the only con-straints for the timing of crater formation; in many cases, only the maximum age (the actual age of the shocked target rock) is given in the literature and in terrestrial impact crater listings [3]. In addition to isotopic and stratigraphic dating, paleogeographic considerations may help to test and refine poor and/or equivocal impact ages as recently done for PuchezhKatunki (Russia) and Obolon (Ukraine) [4]. Paleogeographic studies are, furthermore, an essential tool to discriminate between impact structures that formed in continental or marine environments. Only a small number (~25) of marine terrestrial impact structures have been reported so far [5]. Structural and sedimentological investigations (e.g., the recognition of submarine resurge breccia deposits) helped to reveal some additional marine impact structures, such as Obolon (Ukraine) [6]. However, further efforts need to focus on the recognition of marine impact structures on Earth. Data: Combining recent paleogeographic maps of North America (provided by Ron Blakey, Northern Arizona University [7]) with impact ages available in the literature [3; 8-14], we present a preliminary set of paleoenvironmental charts for some selected North American impact structures (USA: Ames, Oklahoma; Avak, Alaska; Crooked Creek, Missouri; Newporte, North Dakota; Sierra Madera, Texas; Upheaval Dome, Utah; Wells Creek, Tennessee; Canada: Carswell, Saskatchewan; Charlevoix, Quebec; Pilot, Northwest Territories; Steen River, Alberta; Fig. 1). Interpretation and Results: In accordance with [7], given that both the paleogeographic maps and impact ages can include uncertainties, the paleoenvironmental charts suggest that Newporte (~500 Ma [8]) and Steen River (91 ± 7 Ma [9]) formed under marine conditions and that Ames (>470 Ma [10]), Avak (~93-88 Ma [11]), Charlevoix (~450-480 Ma [12]), and Carswell (115±10 Ma [13]) are probably marine impact structures. The Pilot (445±2 Ma [13]) event was obviously a continental impact scenario, as most likely was the Wells Creek (200±100 Ma [14]) impact. Charts exhibit transitions in environmental conditions for Crooked Creek (320±80 Ma [14]), Upheaval Dome (<170 Ma [3]), and Sierra Madera (<100 Ma [14]). New field studies and the detection of structural and sedimentological features diagnostic for marine or continental impact, respectively, might strongly narrow the age windows for these structures.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.007 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it