Simulating Climates of the Last Glacial Maximum and of the Mid-Holocene: Wind Changes, Atmosphere-Ocean Interactions, and the Tropical Thermocline.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Transition of the Earth's climate from the cold and windy conditions prevailing at the Last Glacial Maximum to the relatively warm and strongly seasonal conditions of the mid-Holocene produced many changes in the climate system. This study compares and contrasts the differences during these two time periods as simulated by a coupled atmosphere-ocean general circulation model. Compared to today, there is enhanced equatorward flux of easterly momentum in the northern hemisphere during both time periods, but for different reasons. During the mid-Holocene, a majority of the increase is associated with transient eddy activity in the upper troposphere at northern midlatitudes; an additional component arises from changes in the mean meridional circulation. Increased eddy activity is related to increased seasonality associated with mid-Holocene insolation. At the LGM, there are also increases in transient eddy momentum flux near the southern edge of the North American ice sheets, but a majority of the anomalous flux arises from stationary eddies that are also induced by the ice sheets. These enhanced momentum fluxes increase the strength of the surface equatorial easterlies through intensification of subtropical subsidence and modification of the lower troposphere's meridional pressure gradient. Through atmosphere-ocean interactions, this increases the spatial extent of the tropical Pacific cold tongue in both simulations. Results imply that the mean state of the tropical thermocline may be changed in a similar way either by increasing seasonal radiative forcing or by introducing strong topographic forcing.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".