The effect of geomorphology on the formation and quality of aggregates in Pataq and Qalehshahin catchments
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Abstract
Extended Abstract1- IntroductionAmong construction materials, aggregates have extensive applications in the production of concrete, mortar, and in the construction of roads, railroads, airports, bridges and dams. Due to weathering, bedrocks are converted to small fragments and then weathered particles would be transported by erosive parameters such as water, wind, glacier and gravity and finally transported materials will be deposited in some geomorphological landforms. Some geomorphological landforms like river beds, river Terraces, alluvial fans, sand dunes, glacial outwash plains and taluses have large amounts of weathered rocks and sediments that are appropriate for aggregate exploitation. Pataq and Qalehshahin catchments as study area are the upstream subcatchments of Alvand basin in Kermanshah province, and are parts f Folded Zagros structural zone. The aim of this research is to define landforms that are appropriate for aggregate exploitation and to determine the effect of geomorphological processes in the formation and quality of aggregates.2- Methodology To achieve the purpose of this study, at first, Geologic map of the study area at a scale of 1:250000 and the topographic maps at a scale of 1:50000 were digitized in ILWIS (Integrated Land and Water Information System) software and used to derive lithology and DEM of study area. Landforms were recognized by Quickbird satellite images and precise field works also have been carried out for the identification of landforms and processes. The granulometry test has been done for 4 samples of fans. Two samples of sediment on old fans and two samples on new fans were collected and subsequently the cumulative granulometric curves were plotted. Among geomorphological landforms, alluvial fans and taluses were recognized as appropriate landforms for aggregate exploitation. To examine the quality of study area aggregates, 18 samples of aggregates on alluvial fans and taluses were obtained and then Impact Value tests were carried out based on sieve No. 8. 3- DiscussionAlluvial fans and taluses are of the most significant landforms that have a lot of weathered and crushed materials that can be used as aggregates. A total of 97 alluvial fans have been formed in Qalehshahin catchment. The presence of large boulders with karstic pitting, weathered and varnished clasts and some soil cover on most fans demonstrate that approximately all mentioned fans are inactive formed in more humid periods of Quaternary. Moreover, the results of sediment granulometry show that young fans have finer sediment and old fans have coarser sediments, representing a more humid climate during old fans formation. Results of aggregate Impact Value tests show that mean values of mentioned test in taluses, old and new alluvial fans are 9.57, 9.47 and 8 percent respectively.4- Conclusion Among geomorphological landforms of study area, Alluvial fans and taluses have extensive clasts and crushed materials that can be used as aggregates. Landforms and processes are of the most significant parameters that affect the volume, distribution and quality of aggregates. Karstification process especially in northeastern slopes has negative effect on the aggregate quality because it can result in the formation of voids and cavities in rock fragments. Nevertheless, tectonic extension in Noakoh hinge and physical weathering such as thermoclastic and cryoclastic processes in southwestern slopes has appropriate effects in the production of aggregates. Impact Value tests reveal that materials of alluvial fans and taluses have acceptable quality for use as aggregates. This study represents that, in spite of appropriate quality of aggregates of both taluses and alluvial fans, old alluvial fans have aggregates with lower quality because of long term weathering. Keywords: Pataq, aggregate, geomorphology, process, talus, alluvial fan.Bell, F.G. (2007). Engineering Geology (Second Edition). Elsevier. 581.p Fookes, P.G. (1991). Geomaterials. Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology, 24(1), 3-15. Fookes, P.G And Higginbottom, I.E. (1980). Some problems of construction aggregates in desert areas, with particular reference to the Arabian peninsula (part 1): Occurrence and special characteristics. Proceeding of the Institution of Civil Engineers, 2 (68), 39-67. Fookes, P.G. (1980). An introduction to the influence of natural aggregateson the performance and durability of concrete. Quarterly journal of EngineeringGeology, 13, 207-229.Fookes, P.G., Lee, E.M., Griffiths, J.S. (2007). Engineering geomorphology, theory and practice. CRC Press. Taylor and Francis Group. 281. PKennedy, K., and Froese, D.(2008). Aggregate resource exploration using a process-depositional model of meltwater channel development in the Eagle Plains area, northern Yukon. In: Emond, D.S., Blackburn, L.R., Hill, R.P., and L.H. Weston (editors), Yukon Exploration and Geology 2008. Yukon Geological Survey, p. 169-178. Kim, J.Y.(2001). Quaternary geology and assessment of aggregate resources of Korea for the national industrial resources exploration and development. Quaternary International, 82, 87–100.Langer, W.H., Drew, L.J., and Sachs, J.S. (2004). Aggregate and the environment: American Geological Institute Environmental Awareness Series No. 8, 64 p. Langer, W. H., and Knepper, D. H., Jr. (1998). Geologic characterization of natural aggregate: a field geologist’s guide to natural aggregate resource assessment, in Bobrowsky, P. T., ed., Aggregate resources, a global perspective: Balkema, Rotterdam, p. 275-293. Lindsey, D.A., and Melick, R.(2002) Reconnaissance of Alluvial Fans as Potential Sources of Gravel Aggregate, Santa Cruz River Valley, Southeast Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 02-0314, 44 p.Panizza, M. (1996). Environmental geomorphology (Developments in Earth Surface Processes 4). Elsevier Science. 268 p.Smith, M.R., Collis, L. (2001). Aggregates: Sand, gravel and crushed rock aggregates for construction purposes (third edition). The Geological Society London. 339 p.Tshwenyego, A.M., Poulin, R. (1997). Mineral aggregate production in Botswana. International Journal of Surface Mining, Reclamation and Environment, 11, 129-134.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it