Bibliographic record
Abstract
Blood flow, normally laminar, can exhibit high frequency fluctuations suggesting turbulence, which has important implications for the pathophysiology of vascular diseases and the design of blood-bearing devices. According to the classical model of turbulence in a homogeneous fluid, these fluctuations can be attributed to the cascade of eddies down to the Kolmogorov length scale, which, for apparent turbulence in blood, is reported to be on the order of tens of microns. On the other hand, blood is a suspension of mostly red blood cells (RBC), the size and concentration of which would seem to preclude the formation of eddies down to these scales. Assuming dissipation occurs instead via cell-cell interactions mediated by the plasma, here we show how turbulent velocity fluctuations, normally ascribed to turbulent (Reynolds) stresses, could give rise to viscous shear stresses. This may help to resolve fundamental inconsistencies in the understanding of mechanical hemolysis, and it provides a physical basis for the forces actually experienced by formed elements in the blood under nominally turbulent flow. In summary, RBC must be acknowledged as equal players if a satisfactory definition of turbulence in blood is to be achieved.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".