Incidence-angle-dependent acoustic reflections from liquid-saturated porous solids
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Angle of incidence amplitude variations of acoustic waves reflected from an interface is increasingly important in acoustic sea floor imaging and seismological studies. Such observations are almost solely interpreted assuming elastic wave theory. However, wave propagation through, and hence reflectivity from, liquid-saturated porous solids is complicated by the presence of the slow longitudinal (P2) wave. There have only been limited quantitative experimental tests of porous media reflectivity as a function of angle of incidence. Here, the acoustic reflectivity from a water-saturated porous plate is measured as a function of the angle of incidence using a specially developed ultrasonic reflectometer. The observed reflectivity agrees with that predicted using the Biot-type poroelastic theory; this work confirms the use of boundary conditions that allow fluid transfer across the reflecting interface. It is found that simpler elastic expressions based on equivalent-elastic solid cannot be reconciled with the observations.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.007 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it