Bibliographic record
Abstract
Hubka’s theory of technical systems (TTS)describes what is common to all engineering devices,whatever their physical principles. This theory is basedon a general transformation system (TrfS), which can beused to show engineering in the contexts of society,economics and historic developments. The TS-life cycleconsists of seven major TrfS, each consisting of productspecificTrfS. Each operator of a TrfS is itself a TrfS. Theconnection to the general economy, and its financialconsequences, is shown in the TS-life cycle LC4 with itssupply chain, and stages LC6 and LC6A, the operatingproduct with its supply chain and distribution chain.Transformation systems are hierarchical. Each subsystemcan be viewed as a TrfS in its own right. Each TrfSis a sub-system to a more complex system. Invention andinnovation in TrfS can be shown (historically) to alter thestate of society, beneficially and adversely. From thisTTS, Hubka derived a systematic methodology as guide todesign engineering, novel design and re-design.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.007 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.006 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.013 | 0.004 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".