Relative effects of ambient noise and habitat openness on signal transfer for chickadee vocalizations in rural and urban green-spaces
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Urbanization creates communication challenges for many species. Birds in particular rely on vocal communication for reproduction and territory defence, but in noisy or acoustically altered environments signals may be compromised. Both ambient noise and habitat openness affect signal transfer, but it is not clear how these two variables interact in urban green-spaces. Using black-capped and mountain chickadee vocalizations, we conducted transmission experiments to measure acoustic degradation and signal-to-noise ratios among a replicated set of transects spanning a range of both ambient noise levels and habitat openness. We used Akaike information criterion (AIC), an information theoretic approach, for selection and averaging of five alternative linear mixed models. We found ambient noise strongly and negatively correlated with relative signal amplitude and detection of signal features. In contrast, habitat openness appeared to have little effect on signal transfer. We also confirmed that urban green-spaces had significantly greater ambient noise levels than rural sites, which suggests that the dominant impact of anthropogenic noise on signal transfer should be an issue of concern to species conservation within these urban green-spaces.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".