Calculation methods of the electric and magnetic fields at the Earth's surface produced by a line current
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Space weather storms involve intense and rapidly varying electric currents in the ionosphere, which create electric and magnetic fields at the Earth's surface. The electric fields drive geomagnetically induced currents (GIC) in technological networks and may have serious impacts. For assessing the hazards it is necessary to estimate GIC magnitudes, and this requires calculations of the electric and magnetic fields produced at the Earth's surface by the ionospheric currents. The surface fields are also affected by currents induced within the ground and influenced by the conductivity of the Earth. This also has to be taken into account. The calculation methods should be fast enough that they can be applied to forecasting the fields and GIC, for example, by using satellite observations of the solar wind. In this paper, we consider an infinitely long horizontal line current, which is the basic model of an auroral electrojet and simple enough to give insight into the physics and calculation techniques. The Earth is assumed to be composed of horizontal layers. We consider the exact integral expressions of the fields at the Earth's surface. The applicability of a series expansion technique (SER) and the complex image method (CIM), both of which were originally developed for other disciplines, are reviewed and summarized by giving the expressions of the electric and magnetic fields at the Earth's surface and by considering the mathematical assumptions required. Numerical calculations and comparisons with exact solutions show that SER and CIM are very accurate.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it